Over the last decade, India has invested heavily in the financial infrastructure required to bring its entire population into the formal economy.
The Jan Dhan — Aadhaar — Mobile stack, often referred to as the JAM Trinity, was designed to create universal account access, link accounts to biometric identities, and route welfare and private financial services through mobile phones. Bank account ownership expanded dramatically, and digital payments accelerated.
Low-income rural and periurban women were meant to benefit the most from this infrastructure, but they have not benefited as intended.
This research is one component of Accion and HSBC India’s ongoing project, implemented through partner microfinance institutions (MFIs), to advance digital financial inclusion among women by strengthening digital repayment capabilities and increasing uptake of government-led welfare initiatives.
Download the report to see our findings.
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